Clinical Psychology Review* (vol 28, #8) Psychological treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: A meta-analysis.

Authors: Ana Rosa-Alcazar, Julio Sanchez-Meca, Antonia Gomez- Conesa, & Fulgenzio Marin-Martinez:

Abstract: “The benefits of cognitive-behavioral treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) have been evidenced by several meta- analyses.  However, the differential effectiveness of behavioral and cognitive approaches has shown inconclusive results. In this paper a meta-analysis on the effectiveness of psychological treatment for OCD is presented by applying random- and mixed-effects models.  The literature search enabled us to identify 19 studies published between 1980 and 2006 that fulfilled our selection criteria, giving a total of 24 independent comparisons between a treated and a control group.  The effect size index was the standardized mean difference in the posttest.  The effect estimates for exposure with response prevention (ERP) alone (d-super(+) = 1.127), cognitive restructuring (CR) alone (d-super(+) = 1.090), and ERP plus CR (d-super(+) = 0.998) were very similar, although the effect estimate for CR alone was based on only three comparisons.  Therapist- guided exposure was better than therapist-assisted self-exposure, and exposure in vivo combined with exposure in imagination was better than exposure in vivo alone.  The relationships of subject, methodological and extrinsic variables with effect size were also examined, and an analysis of publication bias was carried out.  Finally, the implications of the results for clinical practice and for future research in this field were discussed.”

Wiley-Blackwell, the publisher of the *Cochrane Library*, issued the following news release:

Clinical trials: Unfavourable results often go unpublished

Trials showing a positive treatment effect, or those with important or striking findings, were much more likely to be published in scientific journals than those with negative findings, a new review from The Cochrane Library has found.

“This publication bias has important implications for healthcare. Unless both positive and negative findings from clinical trials are made available, it is impossible to make a fair assessment of a drug’s safety and efficacy,” says lead researcher, Sally Hopewell of the UK Cochrane Centre in Oxford, UK.

The international team of researchers carried out a systematic review of all the existing research in this area. In addition to showing that negative results were published less often, they found that if these results were eventually published, they would take between one and four more years to appear in journals than studies showing positive results.

Results from one of the five studies in the review indicated that investigators and not editors might be to blame. The reasons most commonly given for not publishing were that investigators thought their findings were not interesting enough or did not have time. “The registration of all clinical trial protocols before they start should make it easier to identify where we are missing results,” says Kay Dickersin from Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, USA, another of the researchers on this project.

One of the other researchers, Kirsty Loudon, based in Scotland, adds, “Registration of trials and their results would help people conducting systematic reviews to look at both published and unpublished evidence, to reach reliable conclusions.”

The researchers say their study also highlights the need for a worldwide commitment to the disclosure of the findings of clinical trials. Mike Clarke of Trinity College Dublin in Ireland, says, “The World Health Organisation recently found widespread support for the development of such a process.”

Andy Oxman from the Norwegian Knowledge Centre for Health Services concludes, “Healthcare decisions need to be based on all the evidence, not just the most exciting results.”

The answers: 45 million without health insurance in the US

                      US has the highest obesity rate in the world

                      Infant mortality is high—forty countries do better

We can do better too! When you consider who will get your vote, think about the real consequences of American policy on our lives and those we care about. LS